Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Emerging Technologies (Quantum Tech.)

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and quantum technologies are beginning to shape how countries design digital infrastructure, critical services and long-term security. However, technical work on models and architectures often evolves separately from national strategies on resilience, governance and capability building. This chapter brings these perspectives into a single structured view.

We first position AGI within the evolution of artificial intelligence and explain how it differs from narrow, generative and agentic systems. The chapter groups AGI requirements into core capability areas and summarises the main architecture families that are emerging across model-centric, agentic, predictive, knowledge-integrated and system-integrated designs, together with current approaches to safety and evaluation. The second section focuses on emerging technologies that support AGI in practice.

On the classical side, it describes computing and acceleration platforms, communication and 6G networks, digital twins, data and knowledge systems, and security foundations. On the quantum side, it explains how quantum computing and optimisation, quantum communication, quantum-enhanced simulation and quantum-safe security can strengthen optimisation, coordination, modelling and long-term protection for AGI-scale systems. Together, they show how AGI systems are trained, connected and protected in real environments.

Building on this structure, the third section organises national AGI and quantum strategies into three layers: mission domains that guide where AGI creates public value, capability pillars that define the required technical foundations, and governance themes that link these technologies to safety and strategic readiness. Overall, the chapter provides a shared structure for researchers, engineers and policymakers who need to plan AGI as both a technical system and a national capability within a wider digital infrastructure.