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How do mantle dynamics and plate-boundary processes jointly determine the timing and geometry of major continental reorganizations?

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Which combination strategies prevent or overcome resistance across KRAS alleles without unacceptable toxicity?

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How can stable, antigen-specific regulatory T-cell function be engineered without causing broad immunosuppression?

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Can community health worker treatment patterns be mapped to predict where resistance will emerge next?

Sub-optimal dosing and incomplete treatment courses may drive resistance. It remains open whether dispensing patterns can predict future hotspots before clinical failure is observed.

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What is the exact molecular mechanism by which K13 mutations reduce artemisinin activation?

Artemisinin requires activation by heme to become toxic to the parasite. K13 mutations appear to reduce activation, but the complete pathway connecting K13 function to heme release remains disputed.

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Why does C580Y specifically dominate resistance while other K13 mutations have variable effects?

The C580Y mutation accounts for the majority of validated artemisinin resistance cases globally. Other K13 mutations also confer resistance but are less prevalent; the structural and biochemical reason C580Y is so successful remains unresolved.

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What is the fitness cost of K13 mutations in the absence of artemisinin drug pressure?

If K13 mutations carry high fitness cost, resistance may recede without sustained drug pressure. If low cost, it may persist; current data is contradictory across studies.

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